Juvenile Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson

Adolescent Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson Sleepers coordinated by Barry Levinson is an emotional film tending to adolescent equity framework finally. It likewise gives understanding of how New York City was in 1960s. Levinson puts together Sleepers with respect to a 1995 novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra passing by the equivalent title.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Juvenile Justice System in Sleepers Film by Barry Levinson explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to this film, the adolescent equity framework is immaterial in the domains of equity. Equity frameworks are intended to address people to improve them residents who can withstand to the law, not to solidify them making them no-nonsense lawbreakers. Be that as it may, Sleepers paint the adolescent equity framework as a broken framework. This is prove by the savage occasions that happen to Lorenzo, Thomas, Michael, and John. After these adolescents slaughter King Benny, they are taken to Wilkinson Home, a restorative place f or transformation. Be that as it may, when these four young men check in Wilkinson Home, they meet unheard severity in the possession of Nokes, Addison, Styler, and Ferguson, monitors at this middle. They are assaulted, manhandled, and beaten, an encounter that scratches these juveniles’ characters to become bad-to-the-bone crooks. It is now, where Sleepers portrays the adolescent equity framework. In the event that the adolescent equity framework were proficient, it would have improved these adolescents. As indicated by what occurs in this film, one experience can change a youngster so much that the individual turns into a reprobate or a grown-up criminal. After Thomas and John experience the savage treatment in the possession of Nokes and the rest, they solidify to become grown-up hoodlums. Ten years after they have been discharged from Wilkinson, they spot Sean Nokes taking some lager in a bar down road in Hell’s Kitchen. They go up against him and let him know of w hat he had done to them ten years prior before shooting him multiple times. Nokes kicks the bucket before everybody in the bar. In this way, it is conceivable that one rate, could change a kid into a grown-up criminal simply the manner in which Thomas and Mike changed after the torment they experienced in the possession of Nokes and his associates. These adolescents lived in Hell’s Kitchen in New York. The people group that these adolescents are living in is unwarranted and criminal-disapproved. The people group is unwarranted on the grounds that the main individual who appears to be worried about these young men is Father Bobby, who puts forth a few attempts to take care of the young men. The second Father Bobby puts some distance between these young men; they join a posse in the town. The people group is additionally criminal-disapproved in light of the fact that the main thing that these four adolescents find to do is joining a posse. On the off chance that this network we re established on ethics and standards, a mindful individual right these adolescents before they join a posse. This group was at the removal of these young men and they would join whenever they needed consequently the network pushed these adolescents to join the gang.Advertising Looking for article on workmanship and structure? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fellowship of these four young men contributed to a great extent in their conduct. Before they join the posse, Mike, John, Thomas, and Lorenzo get to know one another. Thus, they think that its simple to join a pack as a gathering. In the event that these young men were to join the posse independently, odds are that, they would not go along with it. This is on the grounds that when alone, an individual comes up short on the ethical help to accomplish something. This resounds well with the familiar maxim that, ‘together we stand, partitioned we fall.’ T herefore, companions can lead or forestall reprobate conduct. On the off chance that three of these young men were not engaged with wrongdoing, odds are that the fourth one could never get reprobate. The film Sleepers is an artful culmination that weds adolescent equity framework with resulting grown-up hoodlums. It additionally reveals insight into how awful organization can prompt misconduct and addresses the effect of network on the lives of adolescents. Levinson, Barry. â€Å"Sleepers.† Baltimore Pictures, 1996.

Poverty Policy In The Land Of Milk And Honey Essay

Individuals may feel that destitution is the exact opposite thing to be happened in the United States of America â€the place where there is milk and nectar as is commonly said, in light of the fact that America is known for having a Tiger Economy from that point forward. However, it is a disgrace should the legislature of America concedes that they also can encounter neediness? Let them permit having a reason that nothing is great. The sky is the limit. Nonetheless, we as a whole realize that we can accomplish the 0% pace of destitution in our nation if everybody will work it out together. How the destitution is being estimated in the United States of America? The United States Department of Health and Human Services says that there are two marginally various forms of the government neediness measure. One is the destitution edge which is utilized for the most part in Census Bureau for measurable purposes, and the other one is the neediness rules which are fundamentally for regulatory purposes. (2007). Be that as it may, the US government don't generally comprehend that the main thing this approach or estimation can do is the information about figures and recoded information of what number of could spend yearly in the destitution line in understanding to the gauges that they have set. They never understand that the destitution estimation has nothing to do with neediness itself and how to thoroughly wreck the destitution issue in the United States of America †the place where there is milk and nectar! As a resident, everything I can say is that we need to return to the primary underlying foundations of the issue. What are those issues that lead us to neediness? Is it accurate to say that we are prepared to confront them? I surmise we should. What's more, it isn't simply confronting them yet to follow up on them for the improvement of any individual or family concern yet in addition to benefit the average folks, government and nation. Neediness has not to be estimated in starvation and void as it were. There are numerous elements include including absence of education, wrongness, impropriety, joblessness, filthy legislative issues, organization, condition, way of life, indecencies, wrongdoing, over populace, affliction, mortality or in any event, having your own personality and citizenship. In any case, as long as the shortage and level of utilizations of each family unit are the central point that we continue estimating, we will never resolve the issue of neediness. Once more, I propose that we return to the fundamental underlying foundations of the issue. I certify to David Brooks’ idealism viewpoint in his contention â€Å"†¦these fast upgrades (which alludes to globalization) at the base of the pay stepping stool are adding to and corresponding with decreases in absence of education, kid work rates and richness rate. † (2004). However, there are additionally a few things that ought to be recalled. Tiger economy or underdeveloped nation has the equivalent chance of encountering destitution. Nonetheless, tending to the issue of neediness lies not to the legislature alone. Each people living on Earth needs to do a considerable amount of feelings and activities in battling destitution. It should be possible by helping other people or the country. Be that as it may, I surmise the best neediness mitigation arrangement is improving first your own personal satisfaction any place you are; consequently, every spot you could have been gets the opportunity to be a destitution free place where there is milk and nectar.

Blog Archive GMAT Impact The Role of Confusion in Your GMAT Prep

Blog Archive GMAT Impact The Role of Confusion in Your GMAT Prep When it comes to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this weekly blog series,  Manhattan GMAT’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. That seems like it should be a typo. Maybe I meant “Confucius,” the Chinese teacher and philosopher? No, I really do mean confusion. Journalist Annie Murphy Paul recently contributed a post to NPR’s Mind/Shift blog: Why Confusion Can Be a Good Thing. Why Is Confusion Good? Murphy Paul supports her thesis with an important point: When we do not know the “right” way to do something, we open up our minds to many potential pathsâ€"and sometimes an alternate potential path is better than the “official” path. When a test like the GMAT is concerned, the discomfort inherent in figuring out that best path allows us to determine why a certain approach is preferable. That knowledge, in turn, helps us to know when we can reuse a certain line of thinking or solution process on a different (but similar) question in the future. How Can I Use Confusion to Help My Prep? Murphy Paul offers three suggestions (the following quotes are from the article; the rest is just me): (1) “Expose yourself to confusing material.” On the GMAT, you have no choice: You are going to be exposing yourself to confusing material every day. So I will tweak Murphy Paul’s suggestion slightly: embrace the confusion. Rather than feeling annoyed or frustrated when that feeling of confusion creeps in, tell yourself: okay, I am on track here. I am going to figure this outâ€"and, when I do, I am going to remember it, because my current confusion is actually going to help me remember better once I do know what I am doing! (2) “Withhold the answers from yourself.” Sometimes looking at the answer immediately is appropriate. If you are doing drill sets and you want to make sure that you learn from one problem before trying the next, then check the solution immediately. Other times, though, you are not doing yourself a favor by jumping right to the answer. In particular, when you know that you don’t know… then do not look at the answer right away! Struggle with it for a while first. Look stuff up in your strategy guides/books. Ask a friend or search a forum. Spend as much time as you want, then pick an answerâ€"even if it is just a guessâ€"and have a rationale for why you eliminated the answers that you eliminated. If possible, also have a rationale for why you chose the answer that you did. Got that? Okay, now go look at the answer. But wait! Do not read the solution yetâ€"just look at the answer first. Maybe you will want to go look at the problem again because You were sure you got it right but you didn’t; can you find the mistake? You guessed and got lucky; was that pure dumb luck or were you actually able to increase your odds via a strong educated guess? Alternatively, maybe you knew more than you thought you did! You did get it wrong but knowledge of the correct answer prompts an idea about how to do or think about the problem. (3) “Test yourself before you learn.” This approach lets us know what we know and, more importantly, what we don’t know going into our study of that lesson or chapter, and that can actually help us to learn more effectively. I suggest starting a new chapter with a few of the problems listed as practice or drills at the end of the chapter. (For instance, in the Manhattan GMAT strategy guides, you would do some of the In-Action problems at the end of a chapter.) If those go well, then try a lower-numbered Official Guide problem. Keep going until you hit a couple of substantial roadblocks. Then dive into the chapter with a serious curiosity to figure out how to get around those roadblocks! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact Blog Archive GMAT Impact The Role of Confusion in Your GMAT Prep With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this blog series,  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. That seems like it should be a typo. Maybe I meant Confucius, the Chinese teacher and philosopher? No, I really do mean  confusion. Journalist Annie Murphy Paul contributed a post to NPR’s Mind/Shift blog:  Why Confusion Can Be a Good Thing. Why Is Confusion Good? Murphy Paul supports her thesis with an important point: When we do not know the “right” way to do something, we open up our minds to many potential pathsâ€"and sometimes an alternate potential path is better than the “official” path. When a test like the GMAT is concerned, the discomfort inherent in figuring out that best path allows us to determine  why  a certain approach is preferable. That knowledge, in turn, helps us to know when we can reuse a certain line of thinking or solution process on a different (but similar) question in the future. How Can I Use Confusion to Help My Prep? Murphy Paul offers three suggestions (the following quotes are from the article; the rest is just me): (1) “Expose yourself to confusing material.” On the GMAT, you have no choice: you are going to be exposing yourself to confusing material every day. So I will tweak Murphy Paul’s suggestion slightly:  embrace the confusion. Rather than feeling annoyed or frustrated when that feeling of confusion creeps in, tell yourself: okay, I am on track here. I am going to figure this outâ€"and, when I do, I am going to remember it, because my current confusion is actually going to help me remember better once I do know what I am doing! (2) “Withhold the answers from yourself.” Sometimes looking at the answer immediately is appropriate. If you are doing drill sets and you want to make sure that you learn from one problem before trying the next, then check the solution immediately. Other times, though, you are not doing yourself a favor by jumping right to the answer. In particular, when you  know that you do not know… then do not look at the answer right away! Struggle with it for a while first. Look stuff up in your strategy guides/books. Ask a friend or search a forum. Spend as much time as you want, then pick an answerâ€"even if it is just a guessâ€"and have a rationale for why you eliminated the answers that you eliminated. If possible, also have a rationale for why you chose the answer that you did. Got that? Okay, now go look at the answer. But wait! Do not read the solution yetâ€"just look at the answer first. Maybe you will want to go look at the problem again because you were sure you got it right, but you did not; can you find the mistake? you guessed and got lucky; was that pure dumb luck or were you actually able to increase your odds via a strong educated guess? Alternatively, maybe you knew more than you thought you did! you did get it wrong, but your knowledge of the correct answer prompts an idea about how to do or think about the problem. (3) “Test yourself before you learn.” This approach lets us know what we know and, more importantly, what we  do not  know going into our study of that lesson or chapter, and that can actually help us to learn more effectively. I suggest starting a new chapter with a few of the problems listed as practice or drills at the end of the chapter. If those go well, then try a lower-numbered Official Guide problem. Keep going until you hit a couple of substantial roadblocks. Then dive into the chapter with a serious curiosity to figure out how to get around those roadblocks! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact Blog Archive GMAT Impact The Role of Confusion in Your GMAT Prep With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this blog series,  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. That seems like it should be a typo. Maybe I meant “Confucius,” the Chinese teacher and philosopher? No, I really do mean  confusion. Journalist Annie Murphy Paul contributed a post to NPR’s Mind/Shift blog: Why Confusion Can Be a Good Thing. Why Is Confusion Good? Murphy Paul supports her thesis with an important point: When we do not know the “right” way to do something, we open up our minds to many potential pathsâ€"and sometimes an alternate potential path is better than the “official” path. When a test like the GMAT is concerned, the discomfort inherent in figuring out that best path allows us to determine why  a certain approach is preferable. That knowledge, in turn, helps us to know when we can reuse a certain line of thinking or solution process on a different (but similar) question in the future. How Can I Use Confusion to Help My Prep? Murphy Paul offers three suggestions (the following quotes are from the article; the rest is just me): (1) “Expose yourself to confusing material.” On the GMAT, you have no choice: You are going to be exposing yourself to confusing material every day. So I will tweak Murphy Paul’s suggestion slightly:  embrace the confusion. Rather than feeling annoyed or frustrated when that feeling of confusion creeps in, tell yourself: okay, I am on track here. I am going to figure this outâ€"and, when I do, I am going to remember it, because my current confusion is actually going to help me remember better once I do know what I am doing! (2) “Withhold the answers from yourself.” Sometimes looking at the answer immediately is appropriate. If you are doing drill sets and you want to make sure that you learn from one problem before trying the next, then check the solution immediately. Other times, though, you are not doing yourself a favor by jumping right to the answer. In particular, when you  know that you don’t know… then do not look at the answer right away! Struggle with it for a while first. Look stuff up in your strategy guides/books. Ask a friend or search a forum. Spend as much time as you want, then pick an answerâ€"even if it is just a guessâ€"and have a rationale for why you eliminated the answers that you eliminated. If possible, also have a rationale for why you chose the answer that you did. Got that? Okay, now go look at the answer. But wait! Do not read the solution yetâ€"just look at the answer first. Maybe you will want to go look at the problem again because: You were sure you got it right but you didn’t; can you find the mistake? You guessed and got lucky; was that pure dumb luck or were you actually able to increase your odds via a strong educated guess? Alternatively, maybe you knew more than you thought you did! You did get it wrong but knowledge of the correct answer prompts an idea about how to do or think about the problem. (3) “Test yourself before you learn.” This approach lets us know what we know and, more importantly, what we  don’t  know going into our study of that lesson or chapter, and that can actually help us to learn more effectively. I suggest starting a new chapter with a few of the problems listed as practice or drills at the end of the chapter. If those go well, then try a lower-numbered Official Guide problem. Keep going until you hit a couple of substantial roadblocks. Then dive into the chapter with a serious curiosity to figure out how to get around those roadblocks! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact

How Technology Has Changed Our Educational Skills And...

Shahad Turky Algarni Dec 4, 2015 Intermediate 02 R/W Changes in Education due to Technology As the world continues to advance, technology has become essential in most countries. In the past, using technology was not common among people like in today’s life. People have been using technology these days in each domain of their lives including entertainment, work, and education. Using technology in education plays a vital role in improving the educational skills and knowledge of the people. In the last two decades in Saudi Arabia, there have been many changes in education due to the use of technology with positive effects for students, teachers, and society. There are many benefits for students of using technology in education. It helps students to have online courses, which has obviously become one of the most popular higher education choices. First, with technology, learners will be able to find different programs and courses online. Several universities in Saudi Arabia today provide various options for students. Therefore, no matter what students hope to study because they can get any academic degree online. Online lectures are available also to the learners who are incapable of attending traditional educational because of health implications or other difficulties. These online courses might be more affordable options than traditional classes. They are less expensive, so they allowed many students to achieve their degrees. Online classes give students the opportunity ofShow MoreRelatedControversy1529 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Technology Johnathon Norman Grand Canyon University The development of technology in the recent years has not only changed the way we visualize a classroom, but also it changes how students learn. One of the biggest issues with the advancement of technology is a teacher understanding how to effectively understand how to utilize and incorporate it into their curriculum. 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Modern education has changed from the traditional learning methods that used paper instructionalRead MoreThe Importance of Exploring Student Perspective When Making Educational Policy1589 Words   |  7 PagesEducational policy is usually formed without the voice of those it affects most: students. Cook-Sather (2002) advocates for the inclusion of student perspectives as a unique voice that can influence educational policies in Authorizing Students Prospectives: Toward Trust, Dialogue, and Change in Education. Understanding how students easy access to electronic media influences their situated position, Cook-Sather writes, Authorizing student perspectives recognizes and respo nds to the profoundRead MoreThe Curriculum Trends Paper1086 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Introduction Everything in life changes, change is inevitable. Change affects the way people live, the way they communicate with each other, and many other areas of the human life is affected by change. 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The Internet has become a main part of the advances around the world, connecting networks the information is transferred in seconds to any digital device. Internet is the modern way to develop learning in different matters suchRead MoreMy Plan For Continual Improvement969 Words   |  4 PagesPart of my plan for continual improvement requires me to reflect on ideas yet implemented from my previous individual learning plan. These experiences included inviting more professionals in the community such as our newly organized soccer team, to come and speak to students. Since soccer is embedded deeply in the Hispanic culture, this is a great way to connect to the cultural linguistic learners of my school. Dong (2013) added the ELL’s prior experience is a great reso urce, which should be included

Psychological And Emotional Hazards Of Nurses - 1612 Words

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL HAZARDS Like the general population, pilots are susceptible to the same psychological problems other people may encounter. Historically, pilots have had a deep distrust of psychologists and psychiatrists and are dismissive of psychological theories. This deeply rooted negative disposition most likely has been formed from bad experiences during training, licensing, selection, or during the routine tasks of managing daily personal problems. Pilots typically have a lower chance of experiencing psychological disorders; however, they are biologically human and prone to the vast spectrum of mental defects. Health care providers need to recognize that pilots are human and at risk of mental instability. Pilots are at risk of psychological disorders and triggers such as adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactive disorder, mood disorder, organic mental disorders, personality disorder, psychotic disorder, and sub stance abuse. If a pilot is suspected of having any of these conditions, more than likely, then they should be grounded and referred for treatment. All of these conditions will not be discussed below. Adjustment disorders are maladaptive reactions to a known psychosocial stressor that occur within three months after the onset of the stressor. Adjustment disorders are one of the most common mental disorders in pilots. Symptoms include anxiety, fatigue, and depression; lack of focus,Show MoreRelatedOccupational Hazards Of The Nursing Profession Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesoccupational hazards that put every individual at risk of harm. 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Human Rights Trials And Truth Commissions - 882 Words

Conjunctive use of human rights trials and truth commissions The preceding discussions, in their entirety, validate the inherent predisposition of the objectives, benefits and quality of disclosures during truth-telling in transitional societies to interrogation, precisely how this truth-telling can be esteemed as rendering justice for GHRV when weighed against human rights trials. Sikkink and Booth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’, especially that truth commissions are an executable surrogate strategy to human rights trials. They advocate for a conjunctive application of ‘truth’, through truth commissions, and ‘justice’, through human rights†¦show more content†¦Propelling each of the three in delicate post-struggle settings requires key arranging, cautious incorporation and sensible sequencing of exercises. Methodologies concentrating just on some establishment or overlooking common socie ty or casualties, won t be powerful. Our way to deal with equity segment must be extensive in its thoughtfulness regarding the greater part of its associated organizations, delicate to the key gatherings and careful to the requirement for complementarity between transitional equity systems. Our fundamental part is not to assemble universal substitutes for national structures but rather to fabricate local equity limits Justice, peace and democracy are not mutually exclusive objectives but rather mutually reinforcing imperatives. Advancing all three in fragile post-conflict settings requires strategic planning, careful integration and sensible sequencing of activities. Approaches focusing only on one or another institution or ignoring civil society or victims, will not be effective. Our approach to justice sector must be comprehensive in its attention to all of its interdependent institutions, sensitive to the key groups and mindful to the need for complementarity between transitional justice mechanisms. Our main role is not to build international substitutes for national structures but to help build domestic justice capacities. Human rights

Australia Central Bank Targeted By Hackers

Question: Produce a Class Presentation on Australia Central Bank Targeted By Hackers by the development of your report presentation is your first opportunity to showcase your work. Answer: Introduction Information and communication technology has become an important part of ICT infrastructure of any business, government institution, university, entertainment and healthcare institution. It has made the business process of these institutions and organization a lot easier, accelerated the growth of the organization. With parallel to the advancement of information and communication technology, cyber-crimes are getting increased day by day. Technology has become more efficient, more robust, so is cyber-crimes. Any organization that use some form of ICT technology, should think about possible cyber-crime attacks to their organization. The biggest target of these attacks are data from the targeted system. Cybercrime is also known as computer crime. Cybercrime is a special type of crime where computers are used as an instrument of illegal actions. There are different types of cybercrime, including fraud, unauthorized access and theft of intellectual property, violation of privacy, and information security attacks like DoS etc. The aim of this report is to analyze how cybercrime is particularly becoming a threat for government and other organization as well. Computer and Internet were mostly spread in the US countries at the time of inception of these technologies. In earlier days, most of the cybercrimes used to happen in those countries. But now the scenario is different, now the whole world is under the risks of cybercrimes. Background The Reserve Bank of Australia or RBA faced a cybercriminal attack in March 2013. The attack used malware embedded in emails with a subject line Strategic Planning FY2012. The people who received the email, opened it and became the victim of the attack. The malware contained into the email was targeted to bypass the security measurements of the banks ICT infrastructure. But, according to RBA, the malware was not successful and no data from the Bank had been lost or corrupted. The attack targeted information related to G20 meetings. It was suspected that China is behind the attack. Though RBA did not comment on this and the China government also denied the claim . Overview of Cyber Crime Internet is an important factor behind cybercrimes. In most of the cases, the main intention behind cybercrimes is stealing information from others including individuals, organization, government institutions etc. there is an important difference between traditional crime and cybercrime. Cybercrime is not aimed for any physical body like traditional crimes. Cybercrime is aimed for virtual entities or collection of databases, networked computers of an organization etc. [4] Another important attribute of cybercrime is the non-locality. Cybercrime actions are not confined within a town, state, country even continent. It may span over any part of the globe. Thus, enforcement of laws on cybercriminal activities is quiet challenging and different than other types of crime. Types of Cybercrime There are different types of activities that comes under the tag of cybercrime. The broad spectrum of cybercrime activities have been categorized into three groups. In the first group, there are cybercrime activities like breaches to corporate or personal privacy, obtaining digital information illegally, blackmailing some firm or individual through the use of digital techniques and media etc. It also contains the growing number of cybercrime in identity theft. In the other group, there are cybercrimes based on transactions. For example, fraud, human and child trafficking, child pornography, money laundering, digital piracy, counterfeiting etc. The differentiating factor for these crimes is, crimes are targeted to specific victims and the criminals can hide themselves as anonymous over the Internet. Insider attacks from corporate organizations is related to this group of cybercrime. In insider attacks sometimes people from an organization deliberately leaks sensitive organizational information to third party. In the third group, the cybercrimes that are involved in attempts for disrupting services of some network or Internet, are included. These type of cybercrimes are involved in spamming, Denial of Service or DoS attacks, hacking, cyber terrorism activities etc. However, cyber terrorism is another special type of cybercrime. Cyber terrorism activities can be life threating to mass public. These attacks are generally targeted to economy and technological infrastructure of some nation. Privacy Invasion and Identity Theft Identity theft and privacy invasion show how cybercrimes can impact differently on the virtual and physical entity of an individual or some organization. For example, in US social security number of an individual is an important private information [6]. If an attacker manages to get the social security number of an individual then the attacker will have access to employment, tax and other details of that individual. Even in the worst case, the identity of the individual will be stolen and misused. This will cost the individual a lot. Same is true for credit card information. It can also be used for reconstructing all legal documents and information of a person. According to a study by FTC or Federal Trade Commission, identity theft impacts almost 3.3 million US citizens in 2012. They faced a loss of $35.9 billion. Most of the stolen information were credit card details, ATM card details, etc. Day by day such activities and incidents are growing in numbers. Internet Fraud Internet fraud is a common cybercrime mostly related to eCommerce. In the basic type of Internet fraud, an email is sent to the victim claiming winning of some lottery or some lucrative deals. The mail also asks the victims to transfer some amount of money to some bank account. And it cheats the victims. There are various variations of Internet frauds. Online auctions is another place where Internet frauds are very common. The main attribute of this type of cybercrime is, here the loss is not without the knowledge of victims. The victims are unable to identify the frauds. ATM fraud ATM or Automated Teller Machines are used widely for getting cash from a bank account. Users need secret PIN or Personal Identification Numbers for accessing their bank accounts. Cybercrime attackers intercepts the PIN and data from the magnetic strips of the ATM cards. Then these information will be used for making fake ATM cards and accessing the bank account of the victim illegally. Piracy and File Sharing Piracy and infringement of digital copyright is a typical and widespread cybercrime. In most of the cases, the participating entities in the crime may not be aware that they are committing some cybercrime. For example, piracy of music CD, movie DVDs is a common issue. Those are pirated and shared cross the file sharing websites by using torrents and peer-to-peer file sharing options. Common users downloads these files. This is a type of cybercrime where the entertainment industry is affected as there revenues come from selling of these CD and DVDs. When users get the free pirated copies of these over the Internet then the entertainment industry losses its business. Commercial digital distribution of music and movies and other entertainment resources have helped the entertainment industry to cope up with the impacts of piracy and copyright infringement to some extent. Hacking Hacking is the name of a collection of cybercrimes ranging from stealing information from victims to breaching privacy over the Internet. A hacker gain unauthorized access to someone elses computer or network from the system of the hacker. Sometime the reason may be curiosity or sometime there is some financial benefits. Hackers get generally identify and exploit vulnerabilities of a system to enter into a system. Then they use some malware or virus for capturing resources, making the system compromised. Sometimes they add compromised systems in their zombie networks and then use the zombie network for bigger attacks like DoS attacks. Malware and computer virus Releasing a computer virus deliberately is another type of cybercrime activity. Most of the malware are self-propagating and self-replicating. Virus and malware are used for infecting a computer or similar information systems, stealing information from those systems, consuming computing resources on those systems. Sometime it damages software and hardware components of the affected system. DoS, DDoS Attacks eCommerce websites, banking websites and other similar type of organization websites are common targets for Distributed DoS or DoS attacks. Here, the servers of such websites are flooded with huge traffic so that the upper limit of load handling by those servers are reached and the servers go down. The legitimate users of the services from those websites will no longer be able to access the servers. It costs multi-million dollar losses for the organizations. DDoS is a specialized version of hacking. In this case, a network of compromised and infected network, called zombie network is used for send traffic to the target. DDoS is more harmful and severe from a DoS attack. Spam Spam is a significant type of email based cybercrimes. Unsolicited advertisements of services and products are circulated by spam emails over the Internet. It waste the bandwidth, storage and other resources of a network and systems. So, this is a criminal offence to send spam emails to someone. However, a contrasting opinion of freedom of speech stands in favor of spams. But cybercriminals use spam emails for spreading malware and viruses and for growing zombie networks. Sabotage Sabotage is a cybercrime activity related to hijacking a website that belongs to some other organization or government body. It is also involved in damaging political and governmental resources for making severe attacks on public or nation. Forgery and counterfeiting Advancement of technology has been misused in counterfeiting activities by the cybercriminals. Updated digital printer and copier are being used in currency counterfeiting and forgery. Other than currency, immigration documents are also being illegally produced with higher levels of accuracy. Child Pornography New media technologies are being misused in cybercrimes like child pornography. Internet is also being misused heavily for benefits of the cybercriminals involved in such activities. There is no easy solution for this type of cybercrime. Impact of Cybercrime The malware attack to RBA is not a special case. Similar attacks to other banking and governmental institutions across the globe are happening daily. Some of these attacks become successful and mostly are unsuccessful. So, data is always at risk. The attack to RBA was not successful because the bank has a stronger and robust security infrastructure for its ICT resources. They regular monitors their IT infrastructure and develops awareness among its employees. So, the bank became able to identify and mitigate the attack. But this is not the case for other institutions and businesses. Larger businesses, banks, governmental institutions and enterprises can spent more investment behind securing their Information and Communication Technology infrastructure. But this is not true for small and medium scale businesses and organization. For cybercriminals, these SMEs are soft target. The attackers can steal more data from these businesses with very little efforts. According to McAfee 2013 publication , the estimated cost of cybercrime with respect to global economy, is from $300 billion to $1 trillion per year. The statistics is enough to give an idea of the severity of cybercrime on economy and businesses. The report by McAfee also identified that the defense organization of countries are particular targeted for severe cyber security attacks. Day by day cybercrime is becoming a part of war between nations and countries. When there is a growth in economy, the rate of cybercrime will also go higher. Because cybercriminals will try to utilize the economic growth for their own benefits. On the other hand, in case of recessions and hard times in business, sometimes business are not able to make required investment for their information security infrastructure. In such cases, the cybercriminals takes advantages of these situations. Information security risks for cybercrimes and the following consequences for businesses is quiet higher for the businesses that stores and processes valuable IP or Intellectual Property information like credit card information of customers, personal details of customers etc. There will be different implications of a potential security breach for these organization based on the attributes of the assets. Organizational value may get affected by these stolen intellectual properties. Because there are several laws and regulations that will not be favorable for the organization. The risks from sophisticated information security attacks and cybercrimes increases the cost of potential damages to the organization. Issues and Trends in Cybercrime Following trends and issues of cybercrime will help to understand the long term effects of cybercrime. Cybercrimes are getting merged with traditional crimes. Those criminals are utilizing the IT infrastructures and equipment for accomplishment of their criminal motives. Investigations of such crimes are becoming more complex. Day by day the distinction of cybercrime and traditional crimes are getting blurred. Earlier, cyber cafes were used for the cybercrime activities. Emergence of mobile device, smartphone and communication technology has made cybercrime activities more complex. A smartphone is now enough for accessing internet and accomplishment of some cybercrime. Cyber bullying is affecting innocent lives. Online banking and similar services based on traditional security infrastructure like public key cryptography, is no longer a highly secure infrastructure. Countermeasures for Cybercrimes Online security is highly dependent on digital countermeasures for cybercrimes. But, most of the cyber-attacks and cybercrime activities can be handled with proper awareness and following some sets of best practices and procedures. From the organizational viewpoint, cyber security measurements should be aligned with the risk management process of the organization. And the risk management process should be followed on regular bases. Some of the possible and important countermeasures for cybercrimes are given below, Awareness through training and workshops will help to combat with cybercrime activities. Organization should arrange such training for their employees, develop clear and concise security plans. The employees should be able to understand hacking and other cybercriminal activities. Then only they will be able to identify such activities if those happen to them in real-life. Attacks like spam and phishing can be mostly avoided by proper awareness. The digital assets including ICT infrastructure like data, computer, servers, networking equipment should be secured. Even though the budget can be a problem for SMEs they should keep SME balance between the investment and losses from potential cyber security risks. The software and systems used by organization should be up-to-date and upgraded to latest security updates. This will help to reduce the vulnerabilities in a system and making it more secure. Updates antivirus, IDS or intrusion detection system, firewalls and proxy servers should be properly installed, managed and updated. Websites and web applications are also susceptible to malware. So, those are also needed to be scanned. All sensitive data should be backed up securely and reliably. Networks should be equipped with DDoS mitigation strategies and measurements. Passwords for systems and accounts should be well managed. Stronger passwords should be used and needed to be changed frequently. While using public networks and computer, there are higher chances of cyber-attacks. These things are needed to be kept in mind and possible prevention techniques should be adapted. Use of sensitive information like credit card, identity etc. should be done very carefully. These information are needed to be shared with trusted entities only. Before sharing such information, user should check whether the connection is secure or not. This can be done by simply checking for HTTPS rather than HTTP. Users should check the sender of emails before opening an unusual email. If the email seems to be suspicious then they should refrain from clicking anywhere in the mail. Conclusion Cybercrimes are growing day by day. 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